Exercises ; Problems Solutions Essay Example for Free

Exercises ; Problems Solutions Essay Her owner’s equity decreased by $14,000 for the operating expenses recorded on August 10th, by $400 for the interest expense recorded on August 24th, and by $10,000 for the cash dividend recorded on August 29th. In other words, her owner’s equity was increased by revenues, and it was decreased by expenses and dividends. Interest is an expense because it represents a necessary payment to others (i. e. , creditors) for the use of their money—thus, it is a â€Å"cost† of doing business. Dividends are a distribution of profits to the owners of the firm and represent a partial liquidation of the firm. A dividend is not an expense because it represents a profit distribution; it is not a â€Å"cost† of doing business. f. g. When money is borrowed from the bank, an asset (cash) is increased and a liability (notes payable) is also increased by an equal amount. Net income is increased only when revenue has been earned—and money borrowed from the bank represents a liability that must be repaid, not revenue that has been earned. Paying off accounts payable decreases an asset (cash) and decreases a liability (accounts payable) by an equal amount. Collecting an account receivable increases an asset (cash) and decreases another asset (accounts receivable) by equal amounts. In both cases, only balance sheet accounts are involved. Net income is increased by revenues and decreased by expenses. The expense associated with a cash payment of an account payable would have been recorded in an earlier transaction (when the expense was incurred and the account payable was established); by the same logic, the revenue associated with the collection of an account receivable would have been recorded in an earlier transaction (when the revenue was earned and the account receivable was established).Amounts shown in the balance sheet below reflect the following use of the data given: An asset should have a probable future economic benefit; therefore the accounts receivable are stated at the amount expected to be collected from customers. Assets are reported at original cost, not current worth. Depreciation in accounting reflects the spreading of the cost of an asset over its estimated useful life. Assets are reported at original cost, not at an assessed or appraised value. The amount of the note payable is calculated using the accounting equation, A = L + OE. Total assets can be determined based on items (a), (b), and (c); total owners equity is known after considering item (e); and the note payable is the difference between total liabilities and the accounts payable. The retained earnings account balance represents the difference between cumulative net income and cumulative dividends. The problem could be solved without calculating this number.

English Literature Essays Shakespeares King Lear

English Literature Essays Shakespeares King Lear Select either two or three major speeches from the play King Lear (Shakespeare) and demonstrate, by close analysis, their relevance to issues in the play as a whole The two speeches I have selected from the play to conduct close analysis on are Lears speech in Act I Scene I (Lines 121 139) and Cordelias speech of Act V Scene VII (Lines 31-43). These two speeches are reflective of some of the strongest themes of the play: familial love, anger, wrath and, most of all perhaps, pride. The first speech is placed at the very beginning of the play just after Cordelia has refused to praise her father in the same over-effusive manner as her sisters, and Shakespeare conveys in a few short lines the almost uncontrollable anger of Lear: Lear: Peace kent! Come not between the dragon and his wrath. I love her most, and though to set my rest On her kind nursery We can note here the evocation of the dragon which, as Harold Bloom (1987: 90) tells us, is not only symbolic of the male, paternal anger but of the monarchy itself and recalls the Englishness of St. George. As if metonymic with the entire play, this symbol of royal wrath and anger is twinned with an image of childish reliance the nursery. The next lines however reverse this image juxtaposition as the aggressor, in the form Lear the dragon, is painted as the victim: Hence, and avoid my sight! So be my grave my peace, as here I give Her fathers heart from her.! The knot of guilt and innocence is one that recurs throughout the entire play but it is first suggested in this speech; for instance in the lines: Call Burgundy, Cornwall and Albany, With my two daughters dowers digest this third: Let pride, which she calls plainness marry her. We witness here what Freud called projection (1991: 213) or the imbuing of an emotion or character trait onto another person; it is Lears pride that we really see here, and Lears anger that dominates the entire first section of the play but the character himself deflects that onto the figure of his youngest daughter. Linguistically, the speech is suffused with exclamations (especially the first six lines) and the rhythms and lines themselves are short and staccato. There is also an alliterative use of harsh consonant sounds, for instance in the line my two daughters dowers digest this third (Act I, Scene I, Line 128) or The sway, revenue, execution of the rest (Act I, Scene I, Line 137). This sets Lears character as one that is unbending and proud; an important facet of the plays later narrative where his harmartia (to use Aristotles (1965) term) in the form of his paternal pride, is revealed and reversed. The speech ends with a foreshadowing of the narrative of the whole play: Beloved sons, be yours; which to confirm, This coronet part betwixt you. Here, Lear unconsciously evokes the rending apart of territory as he sets in motion the fissures and fractures in the fabric of the monarchy that the play examines. The speech by Codelia in Act V in many ways represents the reverse of Lears. It is here that Shakespeare underlines the notion of familial loyalty, of constancy and of love and comes after Cordelia has reiterated her dedication for her father. Had you not been their father, these white flakes Had challenged pity on them. Was this face To be opposed against the warring winds Straight away we can notice the change in tone here, the repetition of Ds, Vs and Rs in Lears speech has been changed to Fs and Ws, creating a more sonorous timbre evocative of Cordelias gentle nature and the spirit of reconciliation that runs throughout her speech. The imagery Shakespeare uses here is reflective of the mimetic use of Nature throughout the rest of the play; Cordelia mentions the winds, the dread-bolted thunder (Act I, Scene VII, Line 34), and the quick, cross lightening (Act I, Scene VII, Line 36) all of which reminds us of Lears exile on the moors and the suggestion that this represents, for Shakespeare, the uncontrollable forces of fate. As Jay Halio (2001: 37-38) suggests, the loss of control that is symbolically evoked by the image of Nature, is a result of the splitting of the Kingdom, that we have already looked with the Lear speech of Act I and only resolves itself at this precise point in the play. The latter parts of the speech hint at Cordelias role as a restorative force; she literally makes her father human again after the treatment he is given by her sisters: Mine enemys dog, Though he had bit me, should have stood that night Against my fire; and wast thou fain, poor father, To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlorn, In short and musty straw? Here Shakespeare layers image upon image of baseness and animality to suggest not only how far the King has been reduced but also how true and loyal Cordelia is. In the two speeches we have looked at here, we have seen many of the themes of King Lear and also some the plays complexity. The play is, at once we could assert, concerned with both pride and constancy, anger and gentleness, wrath and restoration and the two speeches I have selected show this in microcosm. Each one also represents important points in the character development of Lear himself; his initial rebuke of his daughter evoking the false pride of the all too powerful monarch and Cordelias speech prompting his character reversal. A close analysis of these two speeches reveals just how Shakespeare weaves grand themes and narratives into the very fabric, the very minutiae of his text, evoking in an audience an almost subconscious appreciation of philosophical and thematic intents. Works Cited Aristotle (1965), The Poetics, London: Penguin Bloom, Harold (1987), William Shakespeares King Lear, New York: Random House Freud, Sigmund (1991), The Essentials of Psychoanalysis, (London: Penguin Halio, Jay (2001), King Lear: A Guide to the Play, London: Greenwood Press Shakespeare, William (1982), King Lear, published in The Tragedies, London: Aurora pp.218-239

Religious Traditions And Beliefs Religion Essay

Religious Traditions And Beliefs Religion Essay This paper will explain how to describe and encourage religious traditions and holy, sacred time and sacred space and the relationship, they have the following relationship. Finally, the author of this document will also include from a variety of religious traditions and beliefs brief example.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holy Spirit is the ultimate beauty.  In my belief, is God.  According to experience the world from the religion section of the book is that God is the divine being.  The authors mother is sacred words, saying that heaven and sacred time of prayer and sacred places of her heart.  The authors mother believed that life on earth is her death is her end and beginning.  My belief comes from my upbringing and I am from my parents to give guidance.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, I will explain the sacred time.  According to the study of all things holy time is updated.  This is my prayer is a time duration.  Where I can collect all the ideas and updates as the purification of his soul.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my religious tradition, prayer is the time to think about what I call the sacred teachings of the Bible.  The Bible gives an explanation of human and Gods plan of salvation, the origin of mankind.  The Bible also reveals Gods grace and full of tolerance to human by developing standards and instructions, so that through its commitment to Israels prophets in the ancient country.  Commitments for a birth of the savior, which is to comfort, heal and forgive the sins of mankind examples.  And I am grateful, because I pray for time, I promise to forgive me by his fault, and to strengthen the renewal of my faith again, I can take the challenges of daily life.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best way to explain the sacred space from the story from the Bible.  Jesus said to his time, he told them, some of you walking in the mountains or in the temple worship, as it is you think God is just, the time will come, not to go to the mountains or into the temple, because God  is spirit, and you will worship in spirit, he, by his means you can worship him anywhere and at any time. Therefore, my sacred place, I and my carry me to go, because it is in my heart.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are working together, because they are taught, to my family and my personal experience of traditional culture and the.  My personal experience has shown me the truth of Christian doctrine.  I got a place in heaven life after death and God and my family.  My spirits, I am guilty of freedom, I feel, there is a positive happiness and joy in my life there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is a religion, believe in God in an example.  According to the Wiccan goddess worship and read the many natural God.  Druids is similar to the witchcraft religion they are polytheists, they will naturally worship of many gods.  Yoruba people, including traditional Santeria, Voodoo, and Candomble are subject to Catholicism.Yoruba tradition as the Catholic Church believe in God.  The difference is that the Yoruba people of the supernatural.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In short there are many aspects of religion.  Ancient religions have taken a new look, they just modified, repackaged, and even gives a new and completely religious fantasy.Basically it is the old story of human beings, trying to reach Gods level. Religion gives a person the purpose and sense of security. In a higher power to provide a comfortable belief in humanity. How do we begin the story tell us why we are here, we went to. This knowledge, or consciousness, often behind a belief in the power of God, or some people call it as sacred. Let us look at Christianity and religion say what it is, whether and how a Christian organization. In this process, will see a Christian and other religious relations. In all religions, there are some basic traditions. For example, the religious doctrine is based on the belief originated from New story. Many religions believe that there is only one God, and not more than God. This idea not only in Christianity, Judaism and Islam, but at the same time. In these beliefs, a consensus is God is the origin and the presence of all the source (China business experts, and the second). These three religions are taught using the book written by the principle of faith. Judaism, Christianity uses the Bible to use the Bible, the Koran and Islam use. Although reports of these books vary, all of the people think, is to teach the children of Abraham. Believers are encouraged to use as a guideline to the teachings, and believe that by following the will of God, mankind will benefit from a more fulfilling life, enjoy the eternal paradise (China business experts, and the second). The story of the book, the origin of these special determination of each and every proph et who started direct communication with God. Some of the stories seem to have a mysterious origin. For example, in the Bible, Jesus was thought to have died, rose again from the dead. Noah is also recorded in the construction of a two-thirds of the world, located in the extinction to save their boat. Throughout the ages, Christianity, Judaism and Islam have a squabble, the accuracy of their opposition has led to war and fighting. There are many similarities exist between the various religions to practice faith. Pilgrimage is a common occurrence in the Christian. Believers to the Holy Land of Israel to visit Jerusalem, and the Vatican in Rome. In Sikhism, the Golden Temple to India many followers, and Buddhists to Lumbini in Nepal (Cadman 2006-2010). There are in the majority of religious symbols. Water, for example, for a variety of religious rituals: Hindu bathing in the Ganges; Christian baptism with water; Jewish ritual purification of water, and Muslim and Shinto believers pray before the wash (University of Phoenix, 2004, p. 2.). Every religion to set a specific time to exercise and perform such ceremonies ceremony in a repeatable fashion. Christians, for example, generally in the Sunday church service. They sing, pray, listen to sermons, and to take regular exchange. There are many branches of Christianity and organizations in different styles. There may be a Presbyterian Christian church deacon and the government who deal daily with the part. Pastors need a college education, usually the head of the church. Minister or minister authorized by the Executive, such as church sermons or daily worship the clergy function. Similarly, the church in a Hindu Brahman is the highest level members of the church or organization head. However, in the Buddhist temple monks Group may be considered equal first ranking of the group. Religious studies in some of the key issues early is the key to the limited travel, limiting what they can read, incomplete texts, there are only verbal religion. Imagine Publishing visiting places of worship is not the majority of your conclusions. Some scholars concluded from his or her reading or heard. One can describe what they see, but imagine, understand it, if their own life experiences. Biblical scholars are not entirely caused between the setbacks. Sometimes texts will include hagiography. Hagiography is not objective history, writes the fact is now dry, but it is a story ( University of Phoenix, 2010, p. 22). Early religious scholars are in no loss of archaeological and anthropological research. These two studies are in early development of science hundreds of years ago. Todays scholars study to provide more tools to them. Early religious scholars rely on the opinions of others, there is no proof of the way these so-called facts presented to them. No matter what, he is called the title, every religious believers look forward to their organization and leadership, to teach them Gods guidance, I hope they live. These teachings are based on several years of New stories. Although each religion to follow their personal understanding of the basic principles of teaching is similar to the general concept of the religion. Each organization is dependent on a particular ritual form, the glory of God, but many similarities commitment ceremonies of other faiths. People use religion in the world to achieve their goals, and seek consolation in the unity. Provides an understanding of religious teachings is that people of any faith can relate to.

Animal Rights Essay -- Legal Issues, Animal Rights

Justifying Animal Rights In this society, it is under law for all people have the basic rights under the universal declaration of human rights. As stated, this only benefits humans, where humans rule the world. So where does the rights of animals come from? Many people do not understand animal rights and how we should treat them equally and why. Through animal research and experimentations, humans are getting benefit and gains in the obscene inhumane ways; the poor animals are suffering through pain and distress, even though they have moral status and rights. A right is a particular way of protecting interests, to say that an interest is protected by a right, is to say that interest is protected against being ignored or violated simple because this will benefit someone else. So what are animal rights? Animal rights is the idea that animals have the same rights as humans, to live free of suffrage, just as important as living individuals, and with the same moral status as humans. According to Doris Lin, an animal rights attorney and the Vice President of Legal Affairs for the Bear Education and Resource Group, â€Å"They have a right to be free of oppression, confinement, use and abuse by humans.† However, rights are not absolute in the sense that their protection has no exception. David DeGrazia, the author of many scholarly animal rights books dealing ethical and philosophical issues, explained that animal rights might be unfamiliar to most people because of the daily abuses and killing toward animals that are viewed as socially a cceptable, and unconsciously ignored due to normal day-to-day activities and even festivals with animal killings for fun. (12) Animal abuses can be ranged from animal experimentations and testings... ... animal rights view, the animals, like humans have rights in the â€Å"utility- trumping sense†. The utility-trumping sense have vital interest that we must not override, even in an effort to maximize the utility for society. (Animal Rights, 20) Billions of animals are being slaughtered, abused, and harmed every year; causing enormous amounts of pain, suffering and distress upon them. It is wrong for humans to cause extended harm to animals for no compelling reason, for the fact that they have moral statuses. We have obligations to animals, and these are not simply grounded in human interests. However, the issues of moral status and equal consideration are far more fundamental and far-reaching in practical impact as DeGrazia have stated. (38) Animals have as much moral status and rights as humans do, and are most definitely worthy of our consideration in their lives.

pride and prejudice :: essays research papers

A Fight For A dance† It’s the nineteen century, and I am a poor old colored man that doesn’t even have the mind to write this letter because I don’t know how to write well by the lack of my education, and I don’t even want to remember, let me explained this to you in this way so you get it quickly, 90 years ago I was reading this two poems named â€Å"Slavery, a poem† and â€Å"To the Ladies† that I found on one of the books of Ms. Lady Spears (R.I.P), the ex-Madam of the house in which I worked, before her abruptly death caused by her husband. Here they explained that colored people and women in this two poems are compared equally too each other and placed as a race in which men have to control over them and treat them how he wants too. Women during the eighteenth century no matter if she was independent and wealthy, if she wanted to divorce from her husband it was not permitted. Meanwhile slaves no matter how intelligent or respectful and friendly they were, ne ver would be able to be free from their owners. Telling this too you hearts me so much because I am realizing that I was a total coward in permitting Mr. Timberlake treat Ms. Spears how he did it. Ms. Spears was a lovely young talented girl, who always had the desire to dance because it was her inner passion that kept her alive, she always invited me, meanwhile her husband was not in the house, to go and watch her move. We kept doing it during 3 entirely months until one dreadful night Mr. Timberlake catch us. He hitted her so hardly that she was claiming for mercy. I was so shocked by the terrible scene that I didn’t knew what to do. Then with all my strength I stood and Hit him so hard until he became unconscious. Ms. Spears began to say this lines from the poem that filled her with pride and glory to fight for her right and that it was going to be the phrase that was going to inspire many other young girls and slaves too: â€Å"Value yourself, and man despise: You must be proud, if you’ll be wise.† And began to hit him so hard that I thought she was going to kill him. Suddenly the policeman entered the room and stopped her.

Inflation and Government Economic Policies Essay

Inflation is described as the process by which prices are continuously rising or the value of money continuously decreases (Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions, 2013). As the definition explains, this is not something that would be desirable for the government or its citizens. For example, Germany during the 1920’s experienced a period of hyperinflation. Germans literally had to carry wheel barrels of money to buy groceries. The price of a loaf of bread rose from around 200 Marks to over 200,000,000,000 Marks. Inflation is measured in several ways including Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index, Employment Cost Index, Gross Domestic Product Deflator, and several other methods (Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions, 2013). Inflation can be caused when the demand of goods and services cannot be met. Since demand cannot be fulfilled, manufacturers can increase the price of goods, thus causing inflation. Inflation can also be caused when there is too much money in circulation. Money can lose its value if everyone has too much of it. In order to try to control inflation, the government can regulate fiscal policies. Employees’ wages can play a big role in inflation. If everyone is making a lot of money, then prices can increase. Lower incomes actually help governments avoid inflation. Another method of regulating/manipulating inflation is by controlling aggregate demand, the number of goods and services requested at the given price point. Aggregate demand can be altered by either imposing taxes or decreasing and restricting government spending. According to BLS.gov, CPI, or Consumer Price Index, is the means by which we measure change in prices urban consumers pay for goods and services in the market basket. This measures what consumers pay on a daily basis for goods and services. Since 2000, CPI has been increasing. CPI can change due to shifts in population or buying habits of consumers. If the economy is up, people will most likely spend more money, and inversely if the economy is  down, consumers will spend less. New trends in technology or even fads can also change CPI. If consumers are influenced by media on alternatives to goods and services that buy and use, this too causes changes in CPI. CPI directly impacts the economy because it is used to determine the amount of government assisted people can be given such as Medicaid benefits and Social Security Benefits. The graph below shows the changes over time since January 2000 to January 2014 (Consumer Price Index – Chained Consumer Price Index, 2014). CPI from January 2000-January 2014 PPI, or Producer Price Index, measures the changed by which producers sell their products (Producer Price Indexes, n.d.). This measures inflation at the beginning stages, ground level, from the manufacturers’ standpoint. Since 2000, PPI like CPI has also increased. Both of these measurements go hand in hand, as the price the manufacturers’/producers charge for their goods and services increases, the amount consumers are paying for these said items also increases. The difference between the two however can include taxes imposed on both producers and/or consumers alike. PPI can be used to determine at what point prices need to escalate. The following graph shows changes in PPI since 2000 (Producer Price Index-Commodities, 2014). PPI from the Year 2000 to the Year 2014 Consumer Expenditure Survey, CE, is defined by BLS.gov as the â€Å"program consists of two surveys, the Quarterly Interview Survey and the Diary Survey, that provide information on the buying habits of American consumers, including data on their expenditures, income, and consumer unit (families and single consumers) characteristics. The survey data are collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau†. CE has also been increasing since 2000 to present day. CE is pivotal to government fiscal policies because it is the only measurements that shows us not only the amount of money consumers earn and spend, but also consumers spending habits  and trends that we observe. CE is used by policymakers to study the effects of their policies on economic groups and by the Census Bureau to determine Supplemental Poverty Measurements, Like CPI, new technology greatly impacts CE. In the 1980’s, spending on computers and hardware were not as prominent as they are now. According to BLS.gov, changes in internet services and cellphones were also not as prominent in the 1980’s (The Consumer Expenditure Survey—30 Years as a Continuous Survey, 2010). Increases in income and the amount of money consumers spend change CE. The graph below shows these changes (Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2014). Consumer Expenditure Survey 2000-2012 Throughout the last fourteen years, the different units of measurement use to determine inflation have all increased. As the standard and cost of living increases, and as minimum wage continues to increase, all of these units will also increase. This has helped to prevent inflation and hyperinflation. If the prices of goods increase while the income people are bringing in stays the same, this would lead to inflation. As income decreased in 2008-2009, the CPI, PPI, and CE also decreased. The more money we are circulating, the more producers’ will be able to increase the price of goods and services, and the more consumers are going to pay for them. This cycle will continue to grow exponentially. As I stated earlier, there are different methods and fiscal policies governments can implement to avoid inflation. Like Keynesian economics, some of which are based around limiting and controlling government spending. References Consumer Expenditure Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cex/ Consumer Expenditure Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet The Consumer Expenditure Survey—30 Years as a Continuous Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cex/ceturnsthirty.htm Consumer Price Index – Chained Consumer Price Index. (August 19, 2014). Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions. (August 15, 2013). Retrieved August 19, 2014, from http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpifaq.htm#Question_1 Producer Price Index-Commodities. (August 19, 2014). Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet Producer Price Indexes. Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/ppi/

Drug Trafficking

The world is currently engaged in a War on Drugs, a war that has been waged for decades and which shows no indication of being successfully concluded in the near future. As with other types of wars, this one has fronts both within the domestic borders as well as in foreign lands and the war affects the country's economic policy and shapes relationships with numerous foreign powers. Military and intelligence services are engaged in the war, as are various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. Yet drug use and abuse continues to be strong, and drug interdiction efforts on the international level draw mixed reviews. This research considers the issue of drug trafficking, and examines the political ramifications. Drug traffickers run everything like a business. They sell a product, compete for customers, and market their product; collect payments, payout commissions and salaries for people that work for them. â€Å"It is frequently argued that drug dealers can be viewed as entrepreneurs involved in ‘enterprise crime’ and that drug trafficking has much in common with legitimate business† (Desroches 830). A major difference between running a business and upper level drug trafficking is that the traffickers do not follow the rules and regulations that a legitimate business is required to follow. Many people are aware of the financial benefits that can be awarded from selling illicit drugs. Generally, the reward overrides the risk to most people in the illegal drug market. Factors such as economical changes forced those who were used to making a living from repairing and reselling junk to seeking fast money that could generate huge profits. One would think trafficking into US borders wouldn’t be a big issue with all of the technology and man power of the United States. Trafficking into the United States is very difficult to prevent with â€Å"more than 295 million people, involving upward of 88 million cars and 4. 5 million trucks and railroad cars cross at 38 official border crossing points each year. In particular, the San Ysidro border crossing at the junction of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico and San Diego, California, USA is reportedly the busiest land border crossing in the world, with 46 million persons and 14 million vehicles crossing annually† (Brouwer et al 710). In Asia, â€Å"China shares a 2,000 kilometer border with Burma, thus resulting in China serving as a major transit route in addition to a source of consumption† (Clarke75). Estimations suggest that there are tens of millions drug users in China. 80 percent support their drug problem through crime and 40% of the crime is drug related. Past foreign policy decisions by China and their trade of weapons area main reason for the ease of importing illegal drug into the country. Korea is a neighboring country of China with government funded narcotics trafficking. Since Korea has some government funded trafficking;the detection of smuggling drugs into China is very difficult to regulate. Beijing spends a lot of focus on its borders with the Southeast Asian countries because of Xinjiang. Xinjiang is bordered by the Arabian Sea and is under developed. â€Å"Xinjiang is a desirable trafficking destination, given its geographic proximity to major areas of production and the fact that transport is much less risky, especially since counternarcotics measures taken by China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics remain inadequate† (Clarke93). Overall, smaller is safer as far as drug distribution enterprises are concerned. â€Å"In countries with competent and uncorrupted law enforcement agencies, drug syndicates that remains small, inconspicuous, and fly under the radar of enforcement agencies are much more likely to survive than their larger counter parts† (Desroches 833). Higher level drug traffickers closely resemble independent business persons in a wholesale distribution system. Knowledge and information are tightly controlled which keeps crew members from asking too many questions. â€Å"Underlings will know little about the criminal enterprise other than their assigned tasks and may not even be aware of the identity of core members above them in the drug chain† (Desroches 835). Approaching and addressing international drug issues is not a simple task due to numerous contradictions that involve the built in nature of economics, politics, culture, and individual ideologies. The normal attributes of drugs, as well as the changing characteristics of these mind-altering substances, makes them the center of complex studies that end up producing contradictory and inconclusive reports The United States is currently engaged in a War on Drugs, a war that has been waged for decades and which shows no indication of being successfully concluded in the near future. As with other types of wars, this one has fronts both within the domestic borders as well as in foreign lands, and the war affects the country's economic policy and shapes relationships with numerous foreign powers. The United States military and intelligence services are engaged in the war, as are various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. Yet drug use and abuse continues to be strong within the United States, and drug interdiction efforts on the international level draw mixed reviews. A legal business â€Å"operates under the scrutiny of law enforcement, illicit firms must distribute their goods and services in a secretive manner without the benefits of legal protections afforded to legitimate business† (Desroches 830). This leaves them where they are not able to secure credit and collect debts. They are also not able to advertise their products and face the high risk of robbery and violence. The two competing views the upper level trafficker face are they are controlled by small number of large highly discipline criminal mafias, and the large number of small independent criminal ran organizations thatcompete with one another for market share. There are several obstacles that stand in the way of trafficking. Some of these include the RCMP, the police, and other such bodies. However, as for the strength of these bodies in terms of catching criminals in possession of or trafficking drugs the chances are very slim. Most of these people are caught when they are stopped for other related possessions Trafficking drugs exists only because certain drugs are illegal in the United States and elsewhere, and because a shadow and illegal market exists for these drugs. Clientelism is very active in countries such as Rio de Janeiro, and has gradually changed to the coming forth of powerful locally based narcotics traffickers. Politicians in Rio de Janeiro understand that if they can win the votes of people of favelas (the lower class slums of Rio de Janeiro), they can win their political races. In order for politicians to accomplish winning votes, they turn to drug dealers. Drug dealers influence the favelas heavily and get them to vote for the politicians they say. Once that politician is elected into office the drug dealers are given power from the favors they get from politicians they helped get elected into office. This has resulted in a double clientelism in which drug traffickers make exchanges with politicians and then turn around and deliver services to favelas themselves. Traffickers regularly threw parties for residents in each of the communities. â€Å"It is widely known that traffickers in Rio de Janeiro provide services to favela residents in exchange for their protection from police and other traffickers† (Arias 432). The favela residents have direct contact with the drug traffickers who they feel is in power because of the favors the politicians are providing them. Drug raffickers are a constant presence in favelas who work to provide some degree of regular security and assistance to residents while politicians appear in the favela only around elections which is why â€Å"the relationship between politicians and favela residents tends to be much less personal than the relationship between residents and politicians† (Arias 433). The growing tolerance of violence in poor areas among the upper classes and the ongoing relationships many politicians maintain with drug traffickers means that crime has become naturally apart of the political system. It is unlikely to be controlled without some sort of major political change. Rio de Janeiro’s political system needs violence in order to function. â€Å"Politicians depend on relationships with criminals to provide them with secure access to poor communities and, as a result, do little to remove them once in office† (Arias 435). While drug traffickers can work with several politicians in order to get policies or conditions to their liking, favela residents are usually dominated by one gang and cannot choose their trafficker. As a result â€Å"residents negotiating power during electoral periods is weakened by the fusion of a fixed-patron clientelism in which clients have virtually no choice about who their patron will be and of the more flexible neo-clientelism that characterized Rio politics† (Arias 443). Bartilow and Eom argue the effects of trade openness beginning with whether or not it undermines drug interdiction. One argument was the concern of legal cross-border trade in volume provides cover for drug smuggling. As trade openness keeps expanding the volume of legal trade, states’ ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished† (Bartilow and Eom 119). The more openness to trade increases the odds and volume of illegal drugs being smuggled between countries. Over the past decade as trade openness has increased, the top seaports have nearly tripled the amount of containers that have been imported and inspected. â€Å"Today, the sheer volume of trade via containerized shipping networks has allowed drug traffickers to conceal illicit cargo and has significantly lowered the probability of being detected by law enforcement. (Bartilow and Eom 119). A second argument by Bartilow and Eom was that trade openness makes it convenient for drug traffickers to launder money and invest in other legal and illegal activities. This increases the power of the drug industry and makes it difficult for officials to monitor the flow of drug money. â€Å"Today, drug money is laundered through the stock market, Internet banking and Internet casino, the insurance and real estate industries, credit and debit card schemes, the diamond and gold industries, currency markets, the entertainment industry, and the hotel and rental car industries† (Bartilow and Eom 119). Bartilow and Eom also argue the effect on a country’s work force as well as the alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The concern of trade openness enhancing drug interdiction was argued in the following part. The first argument was if the financial gains from trade would decrease the desire to participate in the drug industry. â€Å"Trade openness can open new markets to domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs† (Bartilow and Eom 120). The next view agrued that trade openness will increase government revenues and increase the overall drug enforcement capabilities. The increased revenue would provide money to purchase security and surveillance to drug enforcement authorities. Another view was that increased trade openness between border states is that â€Å"while trade openness facilitates the integration of markets, it also strengthens cross-national cooperation in the gathering and sharing of intelligence that is relevant in the interdiction and prosecution of drug smugglers† (Bartilow and Eom 121). This would encourage and increase cross border security between two countries. The final argument was if trade openness does not necessarily affect drug interdiction. There is no evidence to show whether illegal or legal trade is increasing. â€Å"Therefore it is not clear what effect trade openness does have on transnational crime, such as drug trafficking, and consequently on the ability of law enforcement to interdict drug smuggling† (Bartilow and Eom 121). Another perspective was whether the financial markets are affected. Once again there is no evidence towards such a relationship. Most of the arguments she that trade openness undermines drug interdiction has the greatest impact. In conclusion, drug trafficking is an ongoing problem that will not be going anywhere anytime soon. Struggles between politicians and people attempting to make fast money will keep the act of trafficking going forever. Unfortunately it brings down societies both economically and morally. These factors affect the youth of today’s society and their future. Overall, drug trafficking leads to violence, political corruption, and the loss of many lives. Works Cited Arias, Enrique Desmond. â€Å"Trouble en Route: Trafficking and Clientelism in Rio de Janeiro Shantytowns. † Qualitative Sociology 29. 4 (2006): 427-45. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Bartilow, Horace A. and Kihong Eom. â€Å"Free Traders and Drug Smugglers: The Effects of Trade Openness on States’ Ability to Combat Drug Trafficking. † Latin Americans in Politics and Society 51. 2 (2006): 117-45. _ Academic Search Complete_. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Brouwer, Kimberly, et al. â€Å"Trends in Production, Trafficking, and Consumption of Methamphetamine and Cocaine in Mexico. † Substance Use & Misuse 41. 5 (2006): 707-27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Clarke, Ryan. â€Å"Narcotics Trafficking in China: Size, Scale, Dynamic and Future Consequences. † Pacific Affairs 81. 1 (2008): 73-93. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Desroches, Frederick. â€Å"Research on Upper Level Drug Trafficking: A Review. † _Journal of Drug Issues 37. 4 (2007): 827-44. Academic Search Complete_. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Drug Trafficking Drug trafficking is getting more serious everyday that if we do not make an attempt to stop or slow it down, deadly consequences will occur. There have been so many articles about this issue and the rate of deaths of people using drugs is increasing rapidly. Everything has a start and so do drugs. The drugs come from traffickers who don’t care about the result of people using it; therefore, they only care about how much money they gain. That is why I chose this topic; I chose it because I want to help everybody to stay away from drugs.In my opinion, drug trafficking has more impact to us than any of the other crimes such as human trafficking or drug smuggling because once the drugs have been sold and used by the users, there is almost no way out. Drugs destroy you from your health to your job, business, and worse, your relationships. According to Fitzgerald, by 1925 there were at least 30,000 to 100,000 of illegal premises in New York alone (Fitzgerald). This proves that the s preading speed of drug trafficking is increasing fast, making more people suffer from the effect it brings.The reason I am writing this essay is that my cousin has used drugs once and it kept him isolated from everybody he knows, he stole all of his parents’ money and spent it on drugs. His parents are now so desperate, they gave up on him. Nobody knows where he is now. This creates such an impact on me as on my family. Drugs do not only make you sick, it is also a prison that locks you, makes you feel alone and isolates you. Nobody deserves to be like this, drug trafficking must be stopped now.As a high school student, I cannot do many things, but sometimes the smallest things you do can have an influence on the entire world. Research about this topic has helped me a lot, it teaches me that spreading is incredibly dangerous in both positive and negative ways so I will use that way to fight against drug trafficking. I will tell my friends about the cautions, the negative thin gs about drugs and drug trafficking and remind them to spread the news to everybody. Activities such as organizing a concert or a festival can help a lot.I believe this will create a great impact on everybody if they know about the issue and be careful with themselves to stay out of drugs. People usually see drugs as an escape. That is why I am also making YouTube videos with my friends. We are going to discuss experiences in life and how fun each one can be. The goal is to show people life is amazing, there are more adventures outside than just using drugs. We want to say that if you have a life, spend it wisely in hopes this will affect people as it did to me. This highly spread of illegal action has even come to my city, which is Hanoi.This happened about two months ago when 216 kg of heroin was being transferred from Taiwan to Vietnam (D?ng, 2013). The event took place right in an airport where our family used to go to. If this was not discovered, many drugs could have been brou ght to Vietnam and sold to many people. The reason I am thinking negatively about this subject is because many people are dying as a result of using drugs. According to BBC, the number of people killed in drug-related violence since 2006 has reached more than 60,000 which is a tremendous number (Q&A: Mexico's drug-related violence, 2013).Not only that, they may then force each other to use drugs which lead to buying more drugs that cause a lot of money. And, finally, they will end up bankrupt and killing other innocent people for money to buy drugs. I feel sorry for these people. That is why I do not agree on trafficking drugs. Researching about drug trafficking has taught me many things.It teaches me that even though drugs are very profitable, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, on 25th October 2011, drug traffickers have laundered around $1. 6 trillion, or 2.7 per cent of global GDP (unodc), but we should not take advantage of it and sell it because when we sell it, we are killing people every second. I have learnt that we should not hurt each other just because we want to have profit. We belong to the same species, we should not kill each other, we should take care and protect each other. It also teaches me that life has better things to live for such as your family or your friends, spending your time on drugs not only end your life, but also causes your loved ones a very important piece of their life.In conclusion, there are many ways we can think or discuss drug trafficking, but the important thing is that you are trying to do something about it. Everything matters, even a small help can change the world’s thoughts about drugs and may stop the industry. I am now just a student, I cannot do much, but I know; if I keep trying, someday my hard work will pay off and then drug trafficking will not be a problem anymore. â€Å"Making money isn't hard in itself†¦ What's hard is to earn it doing something worth devoting one's li fe to. † By Carlos Ruiz Zafon (Zafon) Drug Trafficking The topic I have chosen to write is about drug trafficking. This topic is very interesting to me because right now, everywhere you go its a hot topic. In my country drugs are a very big problem, too. So, nowadays this topic is increasing to top and unfortunately drug trafficking is an easy way of earning money for some people.Drug trafficking causes multiple problems for families and communities. The most important problem are the teenagers. Drug traffic is also influencing a lot of teenagers because of the easy money they can earn in a short period. This situation is causing widespread among young people. A second problematic effect of drug trafficking is the government. The government is doing nothing about it. This is important affairs and the states know this issue despite, but they didn't have the adequate intelligence to do anything for the country’s economy.Despite these problems, the menace of drugs can be fought. Education is the first line of attack. Parents and chil dren need to be taught. This is a must. They can be taught at special conferences in community centers, live from the television, internet, at home and at school about danger of drug abuse and trade. For example, If a child in your class is using drugs and other friends saw him affected by these events. Another approach to the problem of drug trafficking is about governments. Governments should focus their attention to solve the problem of drug trafficking and they can also aggravate penalties.In conclusion, although the problems of drug trading and   abuse may seem impossible to eliminate or to even control. So, to overcome this situation falls jobs for everyone. If everyone make something i think, this problem can be fixed.